United States v. Nixon

The Cover-up

1. Regardless of the outcome, should the President of the United States have a right to privacy in regards to the Oval Office tapes? Explain.

No because the tapes belong to the White House and they shouldn't have a right of privacy because of this situation with Nixon and people don't know if another president in the future will try to abuse their power or something.

2. Was President Nixon justified when he fired special prosecutor Archibald Cox? Explain.

No because he knew that Archibald Cox would figure Nixon out about the tapes and he fired Cox to get him out of the way which didn't work at all.

3. Was Nixon creating a Constitutional crisis by refusing to hand-over the tapes? Explain.

Yes because those tapes weren't really his and he was obstructing justice when he refused to hand over the tapes. Since he didn't hand them over when they asked, people automatically knew that he was hiding something. Even if Nixon did hand the tapes over it would have been some what of a crisis because no president has ever done anything like this but it wouldn't have been as big and I think the only reason why this was big is because he knew about and refused to show them his tapes.

Closure

4. Why do you think the American public was so outraged by Watergate?

I think that the American public was so outraged by Watergate because they were being lied to by Nixon and he was using their money to pay the criminals to do his dirty work.

5. Do you think President Nixon should have resigned? Explain.

Yes because I think that everyone would have given him a really hard time with what he did and i don't think that he could have made the situation any better at all.

6. Do you think President Nixon should have been prosecuted? Explain.

Yes because he was in on these plans just like the rest of the guys who were sent to jail and he told them what to do.

Watergate: Nixon's Downfall

Read Chapter 32-2 in your online history textbook

1. How ere the "plumbers" connected to President Nixon?

2. Who was the judge? Why did he hand out maximum sentences?
John Sirica. Because James McCord sent him a letter saying that he lied under the oath.

3. How were Mitchell and Dean connected to Nixon?
Mitchell was Nixon's former attorney general and played a key role in Nixon's 1968 election victory. Dean was the White House counsel.

4. How were Haldeman and Erlichman connected to Nixon?
These two were apart of Nixon's group of three loyal advisors. Haldeman was his White House chief of staff and Erlichman was the chief domestic adviser.

5. What did the following men tell the Senate about Nixon?

a. Dean: Nixon was deeply involved in the cover-up and they had discussed strategies for continuing the deceit.

b. Butterfield: Nixon had taped virtually all of his presidential conversations.

6. Who was fired or forced to resign in the "massacre"?
Archibald Cox

7. Why weren't investigators satisified with the transcripts?
They weren't satisfied because all of the tapes that Nixon was giving them were edited.

8. What did the tapes reveal?
A disturbing 18 1/2 minute gap and Nixon knew about the role of members of his administration in the burglary and had agreed to the plan to obstruct the FBI's investigation.

9. Why did Vice President Spiro Agnew resign?

10. What did the House Judiciary Committee charge President Nixon with?
Obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of congress for refusing to obey a congressional subpoena to release the tapes.

11. How did the Watergate scandal create a constitutional crisis?

Women Fight for Equality

Read Chapter 31-2 in your The Americans online textbook. (begins on page 982).

Directions: As you read about the rise of a new women’s movement, take notes to explain how each of the following helped to create or advance the movement.

1. Experiences in the workplace: this awakened the women to their unequal status because President Kennedy realized that women were being paid much less than men even when doing the same job. So because of that, women were promoted to management positions, regardless of education, experience, and ability.

2. Experiences in social activism: men lead some of the activities while women were assigned lesser roles and when the women tried to talk to them about it, the men would just brush them aside. Because of this, women decided to create small groups to discuss this problem.

3. "Consciousness raising": this helped to create the movement because now women were becoming more aware of the discrimination and actually decided to do something about it.

4. Feminism: was the theory behind the whole women's movementof the 1960s.

5. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: it opened women's eyes about their problem and made them stand up for their rights along with the African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans.

6. Civil Rights Act of 1964: gave the movement strength because it prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to handle discrimination claims, but they weren't really doing that.

7. National Organization for Women (NOW): this organization helped advance the movement because they were still upset that the EEOC didn't really address their grievances. So they pushed for things to be enforced such as, the ban on gender discrimination in hiring, sex-segregated job ads illegal, and employers could no longer refuse to hire women for traditionally male jobs.

8. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine: in 1971 she helped found the National Women's Political Caucus which encouraged women to seek political office. The Ms. Magazine was designed to treat contemporary issues from a feminist perspective, which let men see what was going on in their minds.

9. Congress: helped by passing a ban on gender discrimination in "any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance," as part of the Higher Education Act. And most all male colleges opened their doors to women. They also expanded the powers of the EEOC and gave working parents a tax break for child-care expenses.

10. Supreme Court: ruled that women have the right to choose an abortion.

11. The Equal rights Amendment would have guaranteed equal rights under the law, regardless of gender. Who opposed this amendment? Why?
Phyllis Schlafly because he felt that the ERA would lead to a parade of horribles such as, drafting of women, end of laws protecting homemakers, end of husband's responsibility to provide for his family, and same-sex marriages.

Why did the USA lose the Vietnam War?

Look back at your answers to your homework that was assigned on April 30, The U.S. struggles against the Communist in Vietnam. Your answers will be very useful for this summary activity.


Why did the USA lose the Vietnam War?

The Americans did not lose purely for military reasons. There were other factors as well.

Write an explanation AND cite a source which shows the importance of the following six factors:

1. US military tactics in Vietnam
The Viet Cong were using the guerrilla war tactics which completely worked because the U.S. wasn't used to it at all and Viet Cong soldiers didn't wear uniforms, the American troops were always fearing every Vietnamese they had seen. The Vietnamese also had a better advantage because they knew the land way better than the Americans did which helped with their sneak attacks. (sources 36 & 37)

2. The unpopularity of the South Vietnamese regime
The Vietnamese people didn't like the way that the South Vietnamese decided to handle things because they were doing things such as search and destroy and all of the chemicals that the U.S. was using so they just decided to support the Viet Cong since they weren't doing anything that was killing the women and children. (source 44)

3. The experience of the Viet Cong and the inexperience of the American soldiers

4. Domestic opposition to the war in the U.S.

5. Chinese and Soviet support for the Viet Cong
They gave the Viet Cong a bunch of weapons and supplies to fight with

6. 'But did they really lose?' Summarize the argument put forward in Source 57, and your view on it.
In source 57 they're saying that just because the Americans left Vietnam before the war was really over and that we had already stopped fighting, meant that we couldn't have lost the war. But I think that that was just some type of excuse that they used because they always have to stay on top.

Add other if you think there are factors you should consider.

Vietnam War Turning Points

1.

Why was the Tet Offensive a turning

point? Explain your answer.

The Tet Offensive was a turning point because the Viet Congs thought that they were going to get South Vietnam to become communists but they didn't support them. Also this was when the Americans actually beat the Viet Congs.

2.

Are Sources 51 and 52 making the

same point about the My Lai Massacre?

No because source 52 says that they were killing for a reason which was to kill communism, and source 51 is saying that no one was there to kill those people and act like Nazis.

3. Why do you think it took 12 months for

anyone to do anything about the

massacre?

They probably didn't see anything wrong with it because it was their own country doing it so maybe they thought that it was alright.

4. Why was the massacre so shocking to

the American public?
The massacre was so shocking to the American public because everything that they finally got to see about the massacre going on in Vietnam was worse than they expected and they had said that the war went wrong.

The U.S. struggles against the Communist in Vietnam

Using pages 356-61 in the Vietnam War Reading, make notes in columns 2 (US Army) and 4 (Viet Cong) to record how far each side had each quality.


1a) Were the armies finely balanced or was the balance strongly weighted to one side or the other?

1b) Which quality was most important in determining who won the war? Was one feature so important that being ahead in that area meant that other advantages or disadvantages did not matter?


2. Now write up your answer. Use this structure:
a. The U.S. weaknesses were:
The guerrilla tactics

b. At the same time, the Communist strengths were:

c. The U.S. forces did have some successes. For example:

d. However, there were some major failures as well. Examples of these were:
Search and destroy, bombing?

e. The Viet Cong had some major successes, such as:

f. However, they also suffered defeats, for example:
The Tet Offensive. They lost around 10,000 experienced fighters and were badly weakened.

g. If I had to identify one major American weakness, it would be strategy because: it seems like whatever they did hurt the innocent villagers more than the communist/viet cong forces and it's like they didn't even think it through all of the way.

h. The key Viet Cong strength was [Insert strength here] because:

The U.S. Enters the Vietnam War

In your Cold War file folder in your Google Docs account, read pages 353 to 355 of Vietnam War.


1. Many neutral observers in Vietnam were critical of US policy. Explain why.
They were similar to France

2. Explain how US politicians would have defended their policies.


3. The following events are not listed in correct date order. Place them in the correct chronological order. (Write the year inside the parenthesis, i.e. (1965). Then note the reason for each U.S. action, and how it brought the U.S. into deeper involvement in Vietnam.
The reasons you can choose from are: No direct involvement; financial support; political involvement; military involvement. Also, note what events triggered the increased involvement.


(1963 ) Assassination of JFK - Johnson becomes president: no direct invlovement
(1955 ) Formation of South Vietnam: no direct involvement
(1964 ) Gulf of Tonkin Incident: no direct involvement
(1962 ) Number of 'advisers' reaches over 11,500: political involment
(1962 ) JFK sends military advisers: military involement
(1965 ) U.S. Marines land at Da Nang: military involvement
(1954 ) U.S. stops elections in Vietnam: political involvement
(1965 ) U.S. supports South Vietnam government after army overthrow Diem: political involvement
(1964 ) Viet Cong attacks on U.S. and South Vietnam bases: military involvement
(1960 ) Viet Cong formed: no direct involvement


4. Choose two events that you think were critical in getting the U.S. involved in a war in Vietnam. Explain
your choice.

The Cuban Missile Crisis

In your Cold War file folder in your Google Docs account, read pages 350 to 351 of Cuban Missile Crisis.

1. Kennedy described Wednesday, Oct. 24 and Saturday, Oct. 27 as the darkest days of the crisis. Use the information on page 350 to explain why.

Kennedy tries to use a blockade on Cuba, but then the Soviet ships got really close to the blockade zone and just turned around, on October 24. Then Kennedy has a problem with Khrushchev because he gets a letter saying that he should withdraw the missiles from Turkey, then an American pilot was killed and people were telling Kennedy that he should attack but Kennedy put the attack on hold and ended up lifting the blockade.

2. Do you think that nuclear war was ever a possibility in this crisis?

Yes?

3. Is Source 26 a Soviet or an American cartoon? Explain your answer by referring to the details in the cartoon.

I think that Source 26 is an American cartoon because it shows Khrushchev sweating while arm wrestling but Kennedy isn't. Also Khrushchev's finger looks like it's closer to the button that controls the missiles and I think it represents that he is losing to Kennedy and has nothing else to do so that's his only option.

4. Using Source 27 list any evidence you can find for and against each of the explanations.

Why did the Soviet Union place nuclear missiles on Cuba?

To bargain with the USA

For: He could agree to remove them in return for some American concessions.

To test the USA

For: Wanted to test out Kennedy.

To trap the USA

For: The missiles were a trap.
Against: Wanted the Americans to be drawn into a nuclear war.

To get the upper hand in the arms race

For: With missiles on Cuba it was less likely that the USA would ever launch a 'first strike' against the USSR.

To defend Cuba

Against: Missiles were meant to defend Cuba.

5. Choose the explanation(s) that you think best fit what you have found out about the crisis. Explain your choice.

I think that Khrushchev put the missiles on Cuba to get the upper hand in the arms race as well as test Kennedy. The Soviet Union and the U.S. were in this huge competition to be one step ahead of the other so Khrushchev could have set the missiles up on Cuba just to be ahead or caught up to Kennedy. He also could have been testing Kennedy hoping that Kennedy would back down so that he could make Kennedy seem weak.

The U.S. Attempts to Contain Cuba

read pages 347 to 349 of Cuban Missile Crisis.


1. Why was Cuba so important to the United States?
Americans owned most of the businesses on the island and they had a huge naval base there.

2. Why do you think the Americans chose to equip Cuban exiles rather than invading themselves?
I don't think that they wanted to lose any of their own men and maybe they even knew that they couldn't take Castro.

3. Why did the invasion fail?
The invasion failed because Castro had wayy more men than what Kennedy had sent over and they had they had tanks as well as modern weapons.

4. Compare Source 17 on page 345 (in the Arms Race.pdf reading) with Source 24 on page 348. Describe how the Soviet Union missiles on Cuba changed the Cold War balance of power.
It seems like the U.S. have the power because now the Soviet Union is carrying the missiles over to them?

The American Dream in the 1950s

Read Chapter 27, section 2. (pages 847-855)
For each term or name, write a concise sentence or two explaining its significance.

1. Baby Boom: The largest generation in the nation's history. In 1957, an American baby was born every seven seconds. Contributing to the size of the baby-boom generation were many factors, including: reunion of husbands and wives after the war, decreasing marriage age, desirability of large families, confidence in continued economic prosperity, and advances in medicine.

2. Dr. Jonas Salk: Developed a vaccine for the crippling disease poliomyelitis-polio.

3. Interstate Highway System: The Interstate Highway Act authorized the building of a nationwide highway network-41,000 miles of expressways. Encouraged the development of new suburbs farther from the cities and also made high-speed, long-haul trucking possible, which contributed to a decline in the use of railroads.

4. Franchise: A strategy for business expansion where a company offers similar products or services in many locations.

5. In a paragraph, describe in detail how Americans spent their leisure time in the 1950s

In the 1950s, Americans started doing more activities and spending more money on things. People would go out more and participate in or attend sports. For example, they would participate in activities such as, fishing, bowling, hunting, and more and they would attend some games of basketball, baseball, and football. Americans in the 1950s would spend their money on labor-saving devices, like, washing machines, dryers, dishwashers, and power lawn mowers.

The Arms Race

1. Read Source 12. What methods do you think Dulles had in mind to 'liberate captive peoples' without a war?
Using/creating different organizations to get rid of communists such as HUAC or friendly neighbors.

2. Look at Source 13. Would you agree that the Communist world was encircled? Explain your answer.
Yes I would agree that the Communist world was encircled because Dulles set up anti-communist organizations all around them, like SEATO and CENTO.

3. Carefully examine the verticle timeline on page 343. Then look back at Source 12. Do you think the development of nuclear weapons was what Dulles might have had in mind?
Dulles could have been thinking about dropping a nuclear weapon or something because this was when the Soviet Union was getting better with their technology and they beat the US to the H-Bomb as well as launching the first satellite.

4. Look at Source 16. What is the Soviet cartoon saying about the U-2 plane?
Since both sides were curious about what the other was doing, the US decided to take spying to a new level by making the U-2, which is why the U-2 looks like a telescope.

5. Read the Factfile on page 344. Explain why the USSR was so angry about the US spy flights.
The flights violated Soviet air space and they couldn't shoot them down or anything. When they finally did, Eisenhower wouldn't apologize about the flights nor promise to never fly over them again.

6. How would the USA justify this violation of Soviet territory?

7. If the USSR had had U-2 planes, do you think it would have used them? Why?
I think that the USSR would have used U-2 planes if they had them because the Soviet Union and US are always competing with one another and if they had these planes then they could probably be one step ahead of the US.

8. Look at Source 17. Why do you think the USA had missiles based in Europe?
It was easier to hit the USSR when they needed to.

9. Define the term 'nuclear deterrent' in not more than 20 words.

Eisenhower & The Cold War

Read Chapter 26, section 4, Two Nations Live on Edge, (pages 828-833).

How did the United States react to the following 7 events, and why?

The United States is always competing with the Soviet Union. For example, the Sputnik and H-Bomb. As soon as the U.S. heard about Sputnik being launched, they immediately had to figure out how to make a satellite for themselves. But this failed the first time they made one. The U.S. made the H-bomb first, but weren't expecting Soviet Union to finish theirs not too long after. The United States were competing because they didn't want the Soviets to be ahead of them in technology or anything really.

1. The Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949.

2. In 1951, the Iranian prime minister placed the oil industry in Iran under the Iranian government’s control.

3. The Guatemalan head of government gave American-owned land in Guatemala to peasants.

4. In 1956, Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt and occupied the Suez Canal.

5. Soviet tanks invaded Hungary and fired on protesters in 1956.

6. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik.

7. In 1960, the Soviet Union brought down an American U-2 piloted by Francis Gary Powers.

The Red Scare (1950s).

Read Chapter 26, section 3 in your textbook. (pages 822-827) and answer the following questions. For each term or name, write a concise sentence or two explaining its significance.


1. HUAC: Most famous agency that investigated possible Communist influence, both inside and outside the U.S. government


2. Blacklist: A list of people whom they condemned for having a Communist background. People who were blacklisted had their careers ruined because they could no longer work.


3. Alger Hiss: Was accused of spying for the Soviet Union and sent him to jail for lying about passing the documents. Richard Nixon gained fame for pursuing the charges against Hiss and was elected president within 4 years. Hiss claimed that he was innocent, but in the 1990s, Soviet cables released by the National Security Agency seemed to prove Hiss's guilt.


4. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg: Minor activists in the American Communist Party. They were asked if they were communists, but they denied the charges and pleaded the fifth. They were later found guilty of espionage and sentanced to death. Judge Irving Kaufman declared their crime as "worse than murder."

5. Joseph McCarthy: January 1950, he realized that he was going to need a winning issue in order to be reelected in 1952, so he charged that Communists were taking over the government.

6. McCarthyism: Has referred to the unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence.


7. In a paragraph, describe the motivations and actions of Joseph McCarthy during the 1950s. What prompted his actions? What did he do? What happened as a result of his actions?

Joseph McCarthy seems like he was really desperate to just get reelected. He pretty much made up a story about Communists because he knew that it would get the publics' attention and kind of get them on his side so he could get reelected. I guess the best way to get their attention would be the problem that was going on during the time, Communists. McCarthy would accuse people without any evidence at all and a few times he would claim that he had the names 57, 81, and 205 Communists in the State Department. No one really tried to stop McCarthy because they believed that they would win the presidential election. But six senators, led by Senator Margaret Chase Smith, spoke up about Joseph McCarthy. In 1954, McCarthy made accusations against the U.S. Army and I think that he took it too far, which is why it cost him public support. It also could have cost him support because this was a nationally televised Senate investigation instead of just alone in the Senate. Three years later McCarthy died from alcoholism.

Dropping the Atomic Bomb

1. What factors have affected viewpoints on Truman's decision?

The Allied ships had to kill or capture every one of the 100,000 Japanese soldiers defending Okinawa-none of them would surrender. Allied ships have also been badly damaged by Japanese kamikaze suicide bombers. The Allies were a little stuck and needed to do something that would scare the Japanese off. Truman had a few decisions, to drop the bomb or not and if he should warn the Japanese. Some people agree with Truman's decision because many people had a vengeance against the Japanese. Also when Hirohito surrendered after the bombing of Nagasaki, it proved that it was the right decision. Others didn't agree with Truman's decision because they thought that the bomb served no military purpose and was because, as an anti-communists, Truman wanted to scare the Soviet Union.


2. Do you think he made the right decision? Give your reasons.

I think that Truman made the right decision on Japan. They just let Truman in on the plans as soon as he became president, and it seems as though he had to do something quick about Japan, so i guess dropping an atomic bomb on them is a pretty quick problem solver. The bomb was also a good way to scare Japan, and/or others, away from wanting to fight in war. For example, Japanese military were determined to fight till the finish, but after Truman bombed Nagasaki, Hirohito's will prevailed and Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945.

War in the Pacific

Read Chapter 25-3 (pg 784)

1. What was the importance of the Battle of Midway?
The Battle of Midway was a turning point for the Pacific War. By the end of the Battle of Midway, the Japanese had lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes and soon the allies began "island hopping".

2. What strategy did the United States adopt in fighting Japan?

3. Why did the Japanese fight so hard on Iwo Jima?
It was critical to the U.S. as a base from which heavily loaded bombers might reach Japan.

4. Why did the Allies believe Okinawa was a foretaste of an invasion of Japan?
Because Churchill predicted that the cost would be a million American lives and half that number of British lives and by the end of the battle 7,600 Americans had died which was a taste of the real thing, when they actually invade Japan.

5. What was the Manhattan Project?
The Manhattan Project was the atomic bomb.

6. Ultimately, why did President Truman decide to drop atomic bombs on Japan?
It was his only way to avoid an invasion of Japan.

War for Europe and North Africa - Part II

Read the remainder of Chapter 25-2 (pages 779 onward)

6. What was D-Day?
D-Day was the first day of invasion, on June 6, 1944.

7. What happened at the Battle of the Bulge?
As the Germans swept westward, they captured 120 American GIs near Malmédy. The SS troopers herded the prisoners into a large field and mowed them down with machine guns and pistols.

8. What did Allied troops find in Germany?
They found a thousand starving prisoners barely alive, the world's largest crematorium, and a storehouse containing 800,000 shoes.

9. What happened to Hitler? What happened to F.D. Roosevelt? Who became U.S. President?
Hitler married Eva Braun and the same day he wrote out his last address to the German people. Hitler shot himself while his new wife swallowed poison.
On April 2nd, 1945, while posing for a portrait in Warm Springs, Georgia, FDR had a stroke and died. The next U.S. president was Harry S. Truman.

War for Europe & North Africa

Read Chapter 25-2 (pages 775 - 779)

1. To what did Roosevelt and Churchill agree early in the war?

They believed that Germany and Italy were a greater threat than Japan and to strike first against Hitler. Once the allies gained an upper hand in Europe, they could pour more resources into the Pacific War.

2. Why was winning the Battle of the Atlantic so crucial to the fortunes of the Allies?

The German's aim in the battle was to prevent food and war materials from reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Union, and that was Great Britain's lifeline.

3. Why was the Battle of Stalingrad so important?

The Battle of Stalingrad was so important because this was the first great turning point for the allies.

4. What happened in the war in North Africa?

Churchill and Roosevelt didn't think that they had enough troops to attempt an invasion on European soil, so instead they launched Operation Torch, an invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa. In November 1942, some 107,ooo allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers in North Africa. After months of heavy fighting, the last of the Afrika corps surrendered in May 1943.

5. What happened after the Allies invaded Italy?

The Italian government forced Mussolini to resign, King Victor Emmanuel III stripped him from his power and had him arrested.

Mobilizing for WWII.

Read Chapter 25-1: Mobilizing for War and note how each of the following contributed to that effort.

1. Selective Service System: expanded the draft and eventually provided another 10 million soldiers to meet the armed forces' needs.

2. Women: women volunteers would serve in noncombat positions. They worked as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, and pilots. Every duty not involving direct combat.

3. Minorities: the war created new dilemmas. They served in the military.

4. Manufacturers: February 1942, newspapers reported the end of automobile production. Within weeks of the shutdown, the nations automobile plants had been retooled to produce tanks, planes, boats, and command cars. Across the nation, factories were converted to war production.

5. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD): spurred improvement in radar and sonar, new technologies for locating submarines underwater. Encouraged the use of pesticides to fight off insects, also pushed the development of "miracle drugs" that saved countless lives on and off the battlefield.

6 Entertainment industry:

7. Office of Price Administration (OPA)

8. War Production Board (WPB)

9. Rationing

America Moves Toward War

Read Chapter 24-4 in your history textbook and answer the following questions. (pg 756)

1. What did the 1939 Neutrality Act allow?

It allowed warring nations to buy U.S. arms as long as they paid cash and transported them in their own ships, which was the "cash and carry".

2. Who were the Axis powers?

The Axis powers were Germany, Italy, and Japan.

3. What did the Lend-Lease Act do?

The president would lend or lease arms and any other supplies to "any country whose defense was vital to the United States."

4. What pledges were contained in the Atlantic Charter?

Collective security,disarmament,self-determination,economic cooperation,and freedom of the seas.

5. Who were the Allies?

The allies were the nations who had fought the Axis powers.

6. What did the attack at Pearl Harbor do to the U.s. Pacific fleet?

It sunk or damaged nearly the whole U.S. Pacific fleet.

7. Why did Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.?

The U.S. declared war on Japan.

"Isolationism" and FDR (1935 - 1941)

Read pages 13-26 in U.S. Isolationism - Part II and answer the following questions.

1. What were the goals of the isolationists? Why is "isolationism" a misleading term?

The American public felt as though they should isolate itself from all further war and foreign policy. Isolationism is a misleading term because most supporters favored international trade and certain bilateral agreements in the 1930s and also respected the international laws that had been put in place since World War I.

2. What did some isolationists feel that there was no need for Americans to feel threatened by developments in Europe and Asia?


3. What were the purposes of the Nye Committee hearings?

To investigate the reasons why the U.S. had entered World War I.

4. List two impressions that the Nye Committee hearings created.

American soldiers had died in WWI because corporations looking to turn a profit had convinced President Wilson in 1917 to go to war.

5. What were the purposes of the Neutrality Acts?


6. List two reasons that some Americans considered Roosevelt's leadership radical and dangerous.

They worried about an intrusive government and an overly powerful presidency.

7. What was "Cash and Carry"?


8. Why did President Roosevelt freeze Japanese assets in the United States?


9. What was the purpose of the America First Committee?

World Events Set Stage for Isolationism

1. What was the Japanese reaction to the Treaty of Versailles? (pgs. 4 - 5)

They didn't want to take part in the principles of the international cooperation espoused by Wilson and the League. And turned away from the West and towards a more nationalists stance.

2. Read the pull-out box on page 4 entitled, "Japan Becomes a Great Power." Cite specific evidence Japan was becoming a strong power that rivaled European & American interests. And, why specifically was Japan threatened by U.S. actions?

They decided to open themselves up to the world. They improved their navy, army and constitution, and banking system. They also defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War and then declared war on Germany. Japan wanted to take over the U.S. islands, for example, Hawaii.

3. Why was the Washington Naval Conference convened and what was accomplished? (pg. 6) (Note: Japan signs the agreement.)

Japan's growth as a naval power in the Pacific threatened the U.S. interests. The nine nations agreed to open trade with China, limit the size of naval ships, placed a moratorium on building new battleships, outlawed the use of poison gas, and limited the role of submarines in future wars.

4. The Senate's willingness to ratify the Kellogg-Briand Pact relected two strong and widely held sentiments. What were they? (pgs. 6 - 7)

Americans wanted to avoid being dragged into another European war and policy-makers continued to resist the obligations of permanent alliances and wished to preserve the ability to act when and where they wanted.

5. Why did Hitler enjoy popular support in Germany for most of the 1930s? Give three reasons. (pgs. 9 - 10)

He would enact new laws without approval of the president or parliament, they are controlling all aspects of German society, and when the president died he called himself the president.

6. Japan voiced its intentions to invade China for what two reasons? (pg. 10)

To obtain raw materials and increase their power.

7. Compare the Reichstag fire and the explosion on the Japanese railway in Manchuria. What did they accompllish?

Historians think that the Japanese bombed their own railway so that they could blame it on China and invade the country in both situations. They set up a puppet government.

8. Why was the united States unable to oppose Japan in the early 1930s with a significant military force? (pgs. 11 - 12)

The size of their military decreased drastically since WWI

9. Describe the major similarities and differences among liberal democracy, fascism, and
socialism. (pg. 8)

They all agree with one another

FDR & the New Deal

Read 22-2 and answer the first 3 questions. Then read Chapter 23-1 through page 696 and answer the remaining 4 questions.

1. Describe how people struggled to survive during the depression.

Most people slept in parks or sewer pipes, built shacks out of scraps, had to go to soup kitchens or the bread lines, 400,000 farms were lost through foreclosure.

2. How was what happened to men during the Great Depression different from what happened to women? Children?

Men tried to find work so that they could support their famillies, but most would give up and just abandon their famillies instead. Women would work really hard and do what they could to take care of the family such as canned food and sewed clothes. Children suffered more with health problems and they couldn't go to school because of the depression.

3. Describe the causes and effects (on people) because of the Dust Bowl.

Farmers had to leave their land and wandered around looking for work.


Objective: Summarize the initial steps Franklin D. Roosevelt took to reform banking and finance.


4. What was the New Deal and its three general goals? (The 3 Rs)

It was a program designed to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression and the 3 goals were: Relief for the needy, Economic Recovery, and financial Reform.

5. What did Roosevelt do during the Hundred Days?

Congress passed more than 15 major pieces of New Deal legislation.

6. Why were Roosevelt's fireside chats significant?

He let the people know what was going on and it made them feel good because they felt as though he were talking directly to them.

7. Describe four significant agencies and/or bills that tightened regulation of banking and finance.

The Glass-Steagall Act established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which provided federal insurance for individual bank accounts of up to $5,ooo, reassuring bank customers that their money was safe.

The Agricultural Adjustment Act was when the government payed farmers to leave a certain amount of every acre of land unplowed because lowering production would raise crop prices.

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) had men aged 18 to 25 work building roads, develop parks, plant trees, help in soil-erosion and flood-control projects.

The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) provided money to states to create jobs chiefly in the construction of schools and other community buildings.

Causes of the Great Depression Outline

To what extent was the Wall Street Crash a cause of the Great Depression of 1929? Support your argument with specific examples.

Thesis: The Wall Street Crash wasn't the main cause of the Great Depression, but it did help out the other reasons such as farming, industries, and easy credit.

I. Main Point 1: Farming

a. Evidence 1 that supports Main Point 1

b. Evidence 2 that supports Main Point 1

II. Main Point 2: Industries

a.

b.

III. Main point 3: Easy credit

a.

b.

Causes & Early Effects of the Great Depression

Read Chapter 22-1 and answer the first 3 questions. Then Read Chapter 22-3 (yes, skipping 22-2) and answer the remaining questions. pg 669

1. What happened on "Black Tuesday"?

It was the day when the stock markets crashed.

2. How did the economic trends of the 1920s in industry, agriculture, and with consumers help cause the Great Depression? (Make sure you include significant details about each area in your answer. It should be at least a paragraph)



3. According to your reading, what are the major causes of the Great Depression?

tarrifs and war policies that cut down the foreign market for american goods, a crisis in the farm sector, the availability of easy credit, an unequal distribution of income

4. What was Hoover’s philosophy of government?

Hoover believed that one of the government's Cheif functions was to foster cooperation between compeating groups and interests in the society.

5. What was Hoover’s initial reaction to the stock market crash of 1929?

he encouraged Americans to stay confident about the economy

6. What was the nation’s economic situation in 1930?

depression deepend

7. How did voters in 1930 respond to this situation?

8. What did Hoover do about the economic situation?

he had the leaders of business, banking, and labor find ways to fix the problem without making it worse. He signed into law th Federal Home Loan Bank act, which lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance their farm loans and avoid foreclosure.

9. How did the economy respond to his efforts?

they made a group called the Bonus Army

The Twenties Woman

Read Chapter 21-2 and answer the following questions. pg.646

1. Note two ways women's fashions changed.
Cut their hair into bobs and wore their dresses an inch above the knees.

2. Note two ways women's social behavior changed.
They started smoking and drinking in public.

3. Note two words that describe the attitude reflected by these changes.
Flapper and

4. Note one way women's work opportunities improved.
There were "women's professions" which gave them a job with paid employment.

5. Note two ways women's home and family life improved.
They were able to get information about birth-control and technological innovations simplified household labor.

6. Note three negative effects that accompanied women's changing roles in the 1920s.

Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues

Read Chapter 20-1 beginning on page 618

1. How did the Justice Department under A. Mitchell Palmer respond to this fear?


2. Why did Palmer eventually lose his standing with the American public?
They thought that he was just looking for a campaign issue to gain support for his presidential aspirations, and decided that he didn't know what he was talking about.

3. How did the Ku Klux Klan respond to this fear?
They used anti-communism as an excuse to harass any group unlike themselves.

4. Why did the Klan eventually lose popularity and membership?
Its criminal activity.

5. Briefly describe how Sacco and Vanzetti became victims of the Red Scare.
The Red Scare made people suspicious of foreigners and immigrants, and they both were italian immigrants and anarchists.

6. Why was the strike by Boston police unpopular with the public?
There was no right to strike against the public's safety.

7. Why did Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge become so popular?
He saved Boston/the nation from communism and anarchy.

8. Why was the strike at U.S. Steel unpopular?
They were able to hire other people while the striking workers walked out.

9. How did President Wilson respond to the steel strike?
He gave them eight-hour days, but the steelworkers still remained without a union.